feat(python): update to support current Python version (3.10 - 3.14)

[noirbizarre]

Description

Update packaging and tooling to use officially supported Python versions, 3.10 to 3.14

Support for Python 3.9 is dropped (reached end of life)
Conditional imports for Python 3.9 have been removed.

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guidelines

Code Changes

• Add test cases to all the changes you introduce
• Run poetry all locally to ensure this change passes linter check and tests
• Manually test the changes:
  • Verify the feature/bug fix works as expected in real-world scenarios
  • Test edge cases and error conditions
  • Ensure backward compatibility is maintained
  • Document any manual testing steps performed
• Update the documentation for the changes

Documentation Changes

• Run poetry doc locally to ensure the documentation pages renders correctly
• Check and fix any broken links (internal or external) in the documentation

When running poetry doc, any broken internal documentation links will be reported in the console output like this:

INFO    -  Doc file 'config.md' contains a link 'commands/bump.md#-post_bump_hooks', but the doc 'commands/bump.md' does not contain an anchor '#-post_bump_hooks'.

Expected Behavior

commitizen properly advertise support for Python 3.10-3.14.
Tooling works with 3.10-3.14

Steps to Test This Pull Request

CI should be enough.

Additional Context

Note

tox is currently broken (not related to the Python version chnge), another PR will be submitted to fix it

Note

Branch protection rules will need to be updated to remove 3.9 builds from the required checks

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 66.66667% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 97.84%. Comparing base (120d514) to head (a29383b).
⚠️ Report is 886 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
commitizen/question.py	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1729      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   97.33%   97.84%   +0.50%     
==========================================
  Files          42       60      +18     
  Lines        2104     2594     +490     
==========================================
+ Hits         2048     2538     +490     
  Misses         56       56              

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	97.84% <66.66%> (+0.50%)	⬆️

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[bearomorphism]

I think we can merge v4-11-0 to master instead